Work-Life Flexibility Will Replace Work-Life Balance †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Work-Life Flexibility Will Replace Work-Life Balance. Answer: Presentation In the time of globalization, associations are crossing residential obstructions and going into the outside market to extend their tasks. With the developing base of associations activities, the requirement for gifted and skilled human asset continues expanding. The remaining burden of people is expanding step by step because of the intricate working and structure of association. The current workplace is serious and includes a great deal of work pressure on the representatives. The fate of working environment needs to confront various difficulties and openings as far as utilization of innovation at working environment, worker commitment and duty towards one business as later on working environment will comprise of millennial who need to Hop around starting with one employment then onto the next to pick up understanding and one next to the other satisfy their enthusiasm and work life adaptability which will supplant work life Balance (Bhattacharya, 2017). The report examines about the ramifications of work life adaptability on the work spot of things to come. Numerous representatives think that its hard to find some kind of harmony between their own and expert lives and therefore they wind up bargaining and picking either work life or expert life. An adaptable working course of action is a compelling answer for representatives to oversee them two productively. The report will talk about the ramifications of work life adaptability on representatives, HRM and pioneers. The report likewise examines about the negative part of actualizing an adaptable workplace and whether it bolsters the objectives and targets of the association or not. Requirement for work life balance In the quick paced corporate life and increment in the market rivalry representatives are troubled with heaps of working environment duties. Businesses are constraining their representatives to be increasingly gainful and accomplish more prominent outcomes for their association. To substantiate themselves in the association and to accomplish targets they overlooked offering time to their own lives. Representatives so as to accomplish the objectives and goals of the association do additional time which have some genuine ramifications on the wellbeing of workers. On the off chance that representatives is occupied with just their own life and disregard their own and public activity they face issues, for example, stress and different illnesses caused because of working for longer hours, high pace of truancy and low profitability (Collatz Gudat, 2011). Work life balance is significant idea which means finding and keeping up a harmony between the expert and individual life so that one defeats both the universes. Work life balance is significant for the bliss and efficiency of the working environment as upbeat representatives are submitted, devoted and occupied with accomplishing the objectives of the association. The most endured individual because of the work life balance issues is ladies who think that its hard to completely focus on their expert lives while offering time to their family. A significant number of them have given their expert jobs as the business isn't eager to think of her as circumstance and regardless of whether the directors permit them to work for less hours so they can offer chance to their families they get a diminished compensation. The variables affecting the work life balance in an associations are number of ladies working, families run by single parent, people who are matured and wanting to resign are a p ortion of the classifications which requires a work life adaptability to make a work life funds to be paid to different duties and obligations (Smith Gardener, 2007). The nonappearance of a work life balance negatively affects the presentation of representatives. It likewise influences their family life of the representatives and wind up making a circumstance of contention between the work and family. The mental ramifications of improper work life setting is sadness and uneasiness because of occupation stress (Muthu, Pangil Isa, 2015). An ideal harmony among work and home will assist the representatives with staying engaged and mindful at the work environment and in their own lives. The needs will be set and workers will have the option to satisfy their obligations effectively (Debnam, 2012). A portion of the activities that can be taken by managers are: Gym offices at working environment or giving exercise center enrollment limits at nearby rec centers, crche administration or childcare administrations will help moms or single guardians to concentrate on their work without working about their kids at home, normal excursions and get-togethers will decreases work life stress. Permitting representatives to telecommute or work for limited number of hours worked. The business should concentrate on efficiency as opposed to on number of working hours, giving maternity or paternity is additionally an incredible practice to cause representatives to feel that the association care for them and persuades them to be faithful a nd beneficial for their bosses. An association can give help with the type of helping representatives in lessening their home obligations trouble with the assistance of attendant services (Miller, 2016). The representatives ought to likewise remain submitted towards hierarchical objectives and be profitable after they are being furnished with the advantages from their boss to oversee work life balance. Job of work life adaptability in work life balance The future work environment will be responsible for increasingly creative practices which will expand the efficiency of the representatives. Work life adaptability is definitely not another idea in todays world yet they are not broadly received by the association. The future work environment will permit individual to discard the regular 9 to 5 occupation routine and receive work hours that will be advantageous for them. The premise of breaking down the people execution won't be the hours worked however digger profitable they are in those working hours. Work-life adaptability will permit people to finish their work with no time and area limitations. The innovative improvement is at its pinnacle and in the coming years they will be further developed and will bolster people to satisfy their own and expert commitments with no issues (Pacock, Skinner, 2009). Work-Life adaptability is an option in contrast to the customary working hours schedule. It not just offers opportunity to satisfy their own duties of being a mother or a parent or a kid in a successful way while dealing with the corporate obligations. There is a positive effect of the work-life adaptability on the work-life balance. In the coming years representatives won't need to stress over shuffling between their own and expert lives in light of the fact that the work-life adaptability will give them opportunity to pick what is significant by then of time. Work-life adaptability will make steadfast laborers and help the association to hold ability in the serious workplace (Shagvaliyeva Yazadanifard, 2014). Making a work life balance is a duty of both the business and representatives. In association there are work life balance approaches which are one-sided towards changeless representatives and person who pick adaptable working hours. Representatives who decide to work for a set number of hours are denied from execution evaluation exercises, for example, advancement and prize and impetuses conspire when contrasted with person who may not be progressively profitable yet at the same time they are being favored with regards to advancement. Inconsistent compensation is another significant worry as people who work for less hours however produce a similar yield as the normal move hour individual is delivering are being paid diversely rather they are paid based on hours spend and not based on proficiency in the yield (Dhas Karthikeyan, 2015). Ramifications of work-life adaptability on the representatives There are various kinds of adaptable working setting accessible to the representatives: Flexitime: It includes giving representatives opportunity to pick their working hours and come early or late with the consent of the administration. Low maintenance work: It is the most widely recognized kind of work courses of action which includes working for less number of hours not at all like the person who are working for full time. Extra time: Overtime permit people to work extra for making extra compensation to meet their own commitments. Employment sharing: Job sharing includes two individuals who have same arrangement of abilities and capability to share their activity work in substitute movements or days. Work from home: Work from home gives the opportunity to individual to satisfy their work environment duties from home and not from the businesses premises (Acas, 2015). The work life adaptability will assist the representatives with being progressively beneficial as they have the control in how to deal with their time successfully and center around what is significant. Representatives can be peaceful at the working environment as they are not bargaining with their social and individual lives because of their frenzied work culture. Representatives will be more joyful and roused as representatives will get more rest and they can deal with their wellbeing coming about into less work life struggle and passionate weariness (Wilson, 2016). For certain people work-life adaptability can end up being invaluable and yet at time there are different weaknesses joined with the work life adaptability. For ladies who have recently entered their mom hood or the individuals who have family commitment, adaptability in work life can assist them with pursueing their expert vocation without yielding their expert lives. Ladies are more open to such work life adaptability than men since they feel such working plan is related will low pay bundle and employer stability is a significant concern since it is frequently seen that representatives who complete their normal move are favored more (Bhate, 2013). Be that as it may, gradually they are being embraced by men likewise because of the single parent obligations or different responsibilities (Wei, Yili Tian, 2013). In spite of the fact that the work-life adaptability has certain disadvantages however they have demonstrate

Transformational leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Transformational initiative - Essay Example The gathering exists to accomplish a typical reason or task, and the pioneer's activities in a single territory influence both the others; hence effective accomplishment of the undertaking is fundamental if the gathering is to be held together and its individuals roused to give their best exertion to the activity. In this way, the four key components of execution ought to be considered. These are: estimation - evaluating results against concurred targets and gauges; input - giving individuals data on how they are getting along; uplifting feedback - stressing what has been progressed admirably with the goal that it will be improved later on; just creation useful reactions, for example those that direct the route toward progress; trade of perspectives - guaranteeing that the conversation includes a full, free and straight to the point trade of perspectives about what has been accomplished, what should be done to accomplish more and individuals' opinion of their work, the manner in whic h they are guided and overseen and their goals. Execution and advancement audits furnish those engaged with the chance to ponder past execution as a reason for making improvement and improvement plans. Acquiring recorded point of view through examination is an important piece of the audit yet agreeing about what ought to be done later on is the thing that it is about. The presentation survey should appear as a discourse, not a top-down meeting or 'examination' (Boehnke, Bontis, 2003). The old schedules of focal arranging and arranging contributions from might have gone, however there remained the supposition that some other office would take care of the issues: a presumption the CEO himself seemed to share. The entirety of this was occurring inside a structure which stayed various leveled, with little association of junior administration or the workforce, who accepted that their item could just sell locally and clung to the presumption that they could sell all that they could create (Whipp, 1991). This frameworks see along these lines proposes that associations can and do change by commonly fortifying and enhancing improvements inside their frameworks. It is change based on the present methods of getting things done: in this sense, it is a clarification of steady change. The change specialist looking to oversee change gradually would, in this way, scan for manners by which changes could be made inside current frameworks, which would have the impact of enhancing change. Training and correspondence may be proper if there is an issue in overseeing change which depends on deception or absence of data. It requires an environment of common trust and regard among administrators and workers, and likely could be tedious if enormous numbers are engaged with the change since it is far-fetched that mass briefings of individuals will be adequate to convey successfully. Numerous associations understand that such circumstances are probably going to require little gathering briefings and discussion if the correspondence is to be successful. Be that as it may, frequently the course or procedure of vital change needs lucidity, so depending on procedures of correspondence alone is hazardous. The capacity to propel and motivate workers is currently a center ability for the best administrators. So as to accomplish ideal objectives three nuts and bolts would be considered: inspiration, prize and responsibility. Propelling others is tied in with getting them to move toward the path you need them to go in

Revelation and the Apocalyptic Tradition, Jesus' Letters to the seven Essay

Disclosure and the Apocalyptic Tradition, Jesus' Letters to the seven Churches, dreams and signs from paradise - Essay Example Book of scriptures says the ‘Jesus sent seven letters from heaven’ through John to seven houses of worship on earth. John composed the letters as said by Jesus to us (Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia, Revelation 2 and 3). Each of the seven letters follow a similar example and allude to real verifiable conditions in those holy places in the main century that first acclaims the congregation, at that point scrutinizes for their work, giving them cautioning lastly promising to proceed with their great work (Harris, Ch.20).The Revelation was a unique vision given by Jesus to John which deciphers the history which had occur and uncovers the prescience that will occur (Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia, Revelation 2 and 3). Jesus, while teaching John to compose the letters, appeared to John giving indications like twofold edged blade, seven stars, keys, seven lights. Harris (20) deciphers the images as alluding to the occasions in first century; future expectations whi ch will happen or happen at a specific spot and time. The seven lights represent seven places of worship, where the letters were to be sent. The seven houses of worship were Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia and Laodicea. The seven letters disclose the noteworthiness to doing great and advantages of defeating the terrible. Alluding to the primary letter kept in touch with Ephesus, Jesus keeps in touch with the holy messenger ‘announcer’ of the congregation ‘people’ of Ephesus communicating his satisfaction over their difficult work and persistence for not surrendering their confidence however scrutinizes a similar church for not indicating enthusiastic love as previously. Be that as it may, the equivalent doesn't win now and takes steps to take the light from the congregation if energetic love doesn't exist and guarantees organic product from tree of life for conquering the snag (The Letter to the Church at Ephesus). Second letter ke pt in touch with Smyrna uncovers genuine affection of God to the congregation. Jesus composes that ‘He is the first and He is the last’ and gestures of recognition the congregation of Smyrna for their confidence in Christ in spite of frightful torment completed by the Roman and Israelis for not following their God. Jesus scrutinizes those abusing the individuals of chapel and guarantees that the individuals who will confront the outrages and win, will be crown of life. This alludes to a spot in paradise with genuine wealth. The letter likewise alludes to the second demise which won't bite the dust which implies ‘the pool of fire’ for example our spirit which will never pass on (Revelation 2: Jesus’ Letters to Seven Churches). The letter to Pergamum clarifies the genuine confidence of Christianity. As normal letter begins applauding the individuals for their confidence in God yet scrutinizes them for following two religions, eat nourishment relinquish ed to icons, contain with strict obligations. Jesus cautions them to precise the precept of Christianity and takes steps to come to chapel with twofold edged blades which are His ‘words’. While empowering, Jesus guarantees to give them MANNA, unique bread from paradise and a name of white stone (Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia, Revelation 2 and 3). In its letter to Thyatira, Jesus shows up in eyes with fire and sparkling bronze feet commending the congregation for its expanding enormity of deeds, confidence, administration to individuals, love while cautioning them not to follow Jezebel, the woman who is spreading sex sins and pulverizing houses of worship. The letter uncovers that Jesus has tolerance and force glance through the hearts of individuals to investigate their spirit and urges the congregation to follow genuine religion and the person who beat will get God (Letters to the S

The Low Down on Cause Essay for War Samples Exposed

The Low Down on Cause Essay for War Samples Exposed The cause and effect essay can wind in a lot of means. A cause is the thing that makes something happen, and a result is what the results are due to the cause. The result is the consequence. Then, that effect leads to another situation, and so forth. The conclusion can speculate on effects later on, or give your private opinion of the absolute most important effect. On the flip side, in the event the topic assigned is your decision, what you could do is to present a trend, phenomenon or event. The very first sentence in the paragraph, along with the prior one's last sentence, should give a smooth transition and one which is clear. It's the center of a research paper. Let's construct the simplest essay outline template for a topic of the way to promote an item. Preparing an outline it is crucial to have a crystal clear thesis statement and actual data from trustworthy sources to strengthen your stand. Furthermore, it's super important to found your essay around your most important bodies rather than your thesis statement. After you've completed all your research and outline, the very first draft should be somewhat simple to write. To be able to compose an effective essay, you want to follow along with your professor's guidelines. Last, you've got to assess the paper on multiple occasions. Not merely it will permit you learn more concerning the outline, but help you to distinguish between positive and negative papers. PaperCoach will be able to help you with all your papers, so take a look at the moment! Several papers are in reality written of scratch. If you're thinking that you will need someone to compose my essay at the moment, you can merely rely on our honest reviews. Below, you can observe valuable tips which will allow you to construct each portion of your essay. Do a little research should you not know anything about the topic assigned. The perfect way to go about picking a topic is to earn a list. In america, it was initially referred as the European War. Politics is another essential contributor to the start of war and conflict. Over 400,000 Cubans died as a consequence of the Spanish Reconcentration Policy. The review is going to teach you all you will need to understand and then you a re able to place your purchase confidently. Our reviews contain details such as the score of the clients, our rating, starting prices, Discounts, and caliber of the papers. Students should focus on the way things relate to one another. On the website mentioned at the onset of the following article, a student may come across some totally free samples of such works. The ending of your introduction paragraph ought to be a thesis statement. Cause and effect is a typical way of organizing and discussing ideas. You could additionally have a filler paragraph at which you would fit the extra information which you've found but which does not absolutely relate to your subject issue. On the flip side, all body paragraphs will be similar in some manner. An outline doesn't have to be extensive, but instead very comprehensive. The structure may deviate tremendously based on how you need to approach your audience or the form of argumentation you mean to use. The conclusion of the introductory paragraph should incorporate a complicated thesis that encapsulates the gist of your gist. List the details supporting in the shape of points under the very first point. The History of Cause Essay for War Samples Refuted Thus, it's critical for more study to get at the very least a bachelor's degree. Even though the explanation is quite easy, many students find it hard to differentiate causes and effects. College education has a profound effect on a man or woman and her or his life. Students aren't supposed to learn to compose a cause and effect essay alone.

The Yellow Wallpaper and Feminism - 2126 Words

One’s freedom is a privilege that is highly regarded, but in most cases one takes it for granted. Throughout history, men have had this right handed to them, while in contrast, women either had to fight and risk all they had or accept their meek rank in society due to their sex. This disadvantage drives women to lengths they normally would not succumb to feel free of the shortcomings that history has given them. In Charlotte Perkin Gilman’s short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the dominance of a patriarchal society is exposed. The verisimilitude of Gilman’s imagery of the setting lengthily describes the isolation and confinement of the narrator and their effects on her. The house she is staying in is her own prison, and is a symbol of her†¦show more content†¦Her room is not home, but rather a form of solitary. Regarding â€Å"rings and things in the wall,† this entrapment of the narrator is dehumanizing to her character because it deg rades her to the level of a wild animal that needs to be tamed. Gilman brings up the idea that women embracing their womanhood are a dangerous threat to men. With their misguided superiority complex, Gilman highlights the issue of how John, and men in general, cannot handle the idea of women having the same rights to act as men do. The need men feel to subdue and progression from the opposite sex is because men have convinced themselves wholly that women are inferior, and it blinds them from perceiving that they are also part of the dilemma. The magnitude of the issue would be reduced if women had the opportunity to have a rational, intelligent conversation with men. It could be possible if men weighted the possibility of the proposition with the same views as they would if the conversation were to take place between two men. Gilman wants men to be unafraid of woman who are comfortable with sex. The only reason to be fearful is if the men actually feel inferior to the prospect of st rong women. This observation is furthered when the narrator comments on the wallpaper saying that, â€Å"It is dull enough to confuse the eye in following, pronounced enough to constantlyShow MoreRelatedFeminism in The Yellow Wallpaper609 Words   |  2 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, like many stories, has an underlying message that seems to be hidden between the lines. If you sit down and read this story once, you might see a bit of male domination of John over the narrator, but if you read it a second time and think deeper you see the true feminist theme. Gillman truly showed her feminist ways throughout this story, although it’s a short story and contains a lot of powerful messages in it. The first point is that Gillman uses metaphors to show her feminismRead MoreFeminism In The Yellow Wallpaper1446 Words   |  6 Pagesworld and the movement of women easily facilitates the mobility of men. Equality requires women to live in a society with no legislation on t heir bodies and to be able to live free of the sword and threat of sexual violence. It is not just the feminism of gender, it is also about racial and ethnic equality, equal capacity, gender, spirituality, class, and all the signs that define one of us. As we see the feminist novel deals not only with what we are but also with our ways of living. The narrativeRead MoreFeminism : The Yellow Wallpaper1861 Words   |  8 PagesFeminism in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† While reading one can study the societal and feminist aspects of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and how they have helped change our society in ways like informing people about post-partum depression and its serious outcomes if not treated properly. While reading another thing to aspect to understand is what was happening in the world at the time Charlotte Perkins Gilman published this story that made it so well known. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is known as a feminist storyRead MoreYellow Wallpaper Feminism Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesyellow wallpaper The restrictions on the women movement in the world and the movement of women easily facilitates the mobility of men. Equality requires women to live in a society with no legislation on their bodies and to be able to live free of the sword and threat of sexual violence. It is not just the feminism of gender, it is also about racial and ethnic equality, equal capacity, gender, spirituality, class, and all the signs that define one of us. As we see the feminist novel deals notRead More Feminism, Womanhood, and The Yellow Wallpaper2218 Words   |  9 PagesFeminism, Womanhood, and The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Victorian period in American history spawned a certain view of women that in many ways has become a central part of gender myths still alive today, although in a diluted way. In this essay, some characteristics of this view of women, often called The Cult of True Womanhood, will be explored with reference to Thomas R. Dew Dissertation on the Characteristic Differences Between the Sexes (1835). Some of the feminist developments arisingRead MoreFeminism in The Yellow Wallpaper575 Words   |  3 PagesThe Feminist View of the Yellow Wallpaper The yellow wallpaper is a story about John and his wife who he keeps locked up due to her nervous condition of anxiety. John diagnoses her as sick and has his own remedy to cure her. His remedy s to keep her inside and deterring her from almost all activities. She is not allowed to write, make decisions on her own, or interact with the outside world. John claims that her condition is improving but she knows that it is not. She eats almost nothingRead MoreFeminism In The Yellow Wallpaper1526 Words   |  7 Pages In Charlotte Perkins â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† which was published in 1892, the author explores the gender ideologies of the time period and how women were seen as inferior, resulting in unfair treatment in cases even involving their personal health. The main character, who is a woman named Jane, is led to insanity due to the unsuitable treatment received for her depression, but the insanity she goes into symbolizes a revelation. As she progresses into this insanity, the author ties in the discoveryRead More The Yellow Wallpaper as an Attack on Radical Feminism1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Yellow Wallpaper as an Attack on Radical Feminism  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† explores mental illness and, through this exploration, presents a critique of the place of women in a patriarchal society. Interestingly, Charlotte Perkins Gilman never intended the latter. The primary intent of her short story is to criticize of a physician prescribed treatment called rest cure. The treatment, which she underwent, required female patients to â€Å"’live as domestic a life as possible’† (Gilman)Read MoreOn Feminism and ‘the Yellow Wallpaper’ by Charlotte Gilman1876 Words   |  8 PagesOn Feminism and ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ by Charlotte Gilman On the poets forum Feminism is based on the assumption that women have the same human, political and social rights as men, furthermore, that women should have the same opportunities as men in their personal choices regarding careers, politics and expression. A feminist text states the author’s agenda for women in society as they relate to oppression by a patriarchal power structure and the subsequent formation of social ‘standards’Read MoreExamples Of Feminism In The Yellow Wallpaper1089 Words   |  5 PagesThey could only speak if spoken too and of course did not have the right to vote. Women were seen more as property and were merely useless if they could not have children. This time period’s society was male dominated. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper† strongly argues the theme of patriarchal control while in a authentic sense defines a feminist critique of the role of women. Gilman does a great example of relating the setting to the oppression of females during this time. Jane tells

Spread Of Nationalism Throughout Europe - 1505 Words

Spread of Nationalism Throughout Europe Nationalism is the ideology that asserts that a nation is formed by a group of people with a common identity, language, history, territory, and set of customs. It was an important factor in the development of Europe. The IB Global Context, Identities and Relationships relates to nationalism because it defines us just like nationalism does. It focuses on identities, beliefs, values, and relationships. Napoleon came to power on 24 August 1799 and crowned himself emperor in 1804. From 1803 to 1815, he controlled most of Europe and promoted the ideas of nationalism, mostly unintentionally. Nationalism was spread throughout Europe by the conquests of Napoleon; the Congress of Vienna, when it tried to†¦show more content†¦France had just undergone a bloody revolution that supported the ideals of â€Å"liberty, equality, and fraternity†. When Napoleon was conquering lands, these ideas spread with him. The inadvertent spread of national ism in nations conquered by Napoleon led to their union against him to get their nations back. This shows nationalism can exist under a monarch or a dictator. One of the biggest impacts that Napoleon has caused was a major backlash against his ideas and against the prospect that a single country can dominate Europe as a whole. This led to the gathering of Europe’s Great Powers in the Congress of Vienna. European monarchs from Austria, England, France, Prussia, and Russia met in the Congress of Vienna to establish peace, bring back â€Å"legitimate† governments and restore the Old Regime. Austrian Foreign Minister, Klemens von Metternich was the leader. He opposed democracy and nationalism and proposed principles of compensation and legitimacy. They decided to reward Napoleon’s enemies for the land taken and restored pre-Napoleon rulers. For instance, they restored the House of Bourbon which controlled France, Spain, and the two Sicilies; the Pope and the Catholic Church now controlled the Papal States. This implies that trying to limit democracy does not stop nationalism from spreading. The Congress of Vienna, also, redrew the map of Europe. For instance, Austria gained Lombardy, Modena, Parma, Tuscany,Show MoreRelatedWorld War I s Nationalism1123 Words   |  5 Pages World War I’s Nationalism Mr. Feddersen Katie Currier February 10, 2016 Nationalism is a feeling that â€Å"people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries† (Simple). Nationalism along with militarism and imperialism caused the internal conflicts in Europe. But Nationalism was the primary cause of the internal conflicts in Europe that became World War I. Europe’s nationalism in the 1800’s was calledRead MoreDiscuss How Nationalism Spread Across Europe with Napoleon but Was Repressed for a Generation Under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe Until the Revolutions of 1848876 Words   |  4 PagesNationalism was formed with the idea that a nation is made up of people who are joined together by common language, customs, cultures and history. It held the belief that one should be loyal to the people of their nation, not a king or empire. Nationalists believed that people of a single nationality should unite under a single government. The concept of Nationalism emerged in the French Revolution and was spread to the rest of Europe by Napoleon’s conquests. Nationalism was used by NapoleonRead MoreThe Emergence Of Italian Nationalism1346 Words   |  6 Pages The emergence of Italian nationalism began in the Renaissance Era and was then encouraged by key Italian figures, leading to the unification of Italy which was overall beneficial for the country. (mention benefits for Italy and how it is today) Before unification, Italy was a collection of different independent states. The Italian Wars, which went on from 1494 to 1559, were fought for the control of these Italian states by European powers. The most consistently fought over city-statesRead MoreFrench Revolution and Nationalism1411 Words   |  6 PagesFrench Directory that correlates to the Napoleonic Code, established this statement of liberalism throughout Europe. These factors, combined with Napoleon’s beliefs in liberalism and unity, lead many European nations – including the Germanic and Italian states – to develop a strong sense of nationalism. The French Revolution was the beginning of not only French nationalism, but nationalism across Europe. Based off of Enlightenment thought, the passing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and ofRead MoreNegative Impacts Of Nationalism1408 Words   |  6 Pagestogether to go to war against Communism. Nationalism was invented in Europe by intellectuals who were inspired by Napoleons conquest. This ideology to changed people’s perspective about what their country meant to them. Unified States such as Italy, Germany were created during a great migration that formed unified states. Instead of the smaller societies people once lived in became a nation of individuals in certain countries that they could call their own. Nationalism has also helped in the improvementRead MoreHow Does Nationalism Influence Europe During The 20th Century? Essay1083 Words   |  5 PagesVirginia, writes, Nationalism is an ideology about an individuated being, it is a form of group identity that arose during the French Revolution and Napoleonic period, it provides people with a form of identity-based on a common language, culture, historical situation, and religion or race(Handler H. (1988).† Based on this description when we think about the role of Nationalism in Europe during the 20th century we are inclined to remember that the strong feelings of nationalism ultimately came toRead MoreCauses of First World War Essay940 Words   |  4 Pagesthe three emperors and the likes (Kelly 2). Later, there was increased mistrust among the European powers, but more importantly, the distrust was between Germany and Britain which competed to empower their naval forces (a trend which fast grew throughout Europe) (Strachan 54). Considering there was increased military power among most European nations, Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on the Serbs dragged most European powers into the war and this event later precipitated the First World War. TheRead MoreWestern Civilizatio n Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesinnovation as means to achieve this goal. Of the features that define western culture, the most unique is democracy. Originating in ancient Athens, democracy created a sense of pride in one’s government which, in later centuries, would evolve into nationalism. In Athens, democracy allowed the people to have a say in their government, furthering the unification of their empire and thus strengthening it. Out of this democratic world came many of the world’s oldest philosophers, including Aristotle, PlatoRead MoreThe Global Financial System Has Influenced By Three Pillars That Have Shaped Modernity1218 Words   |  5 Pageshas taken the same form of trans-national corporations. In this paper, I will argue how modern sport has been influenced by three pillars that have also shaped modernity. The global financial system, militaries, and nationalism have each helped to develop and spread sport throughout the modern world. Through interaction with specific text, I will show how each of the above mentioned pillars have interacted and developed sport. In the penultimate paragraph of this paper, I will argue that the globalRead MoreEvents That Changed History Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesBubonic Plague was beginning to take hold. This disease was spread from rats that carried the infected fleas. The fleas jumped from person to person biting them and with poor hygiene the disease was highly infectious. It was very unfortunate when the Genoese traders unknowingly carried this disease from east of the Black Sea to Sicily and within five years it has spread all throughout Europe. With a third of the population gone, life in Europe began to change drastically. This was the signal to the end

Project Management of Quota Shared Pathway Agile Methodology

Question: Discuss about the Project Management of Quota Shared Pathway Construction. Answer: Introduction The project managers in construction projects have to organize and manage all the activities. But these projects are large and consist of many disciplines. It increases the risk of project failure. Construction project are unpredictable due to its one time nature (Turner, 2014). They require leadership and flexible management to deal with the uncertainties arising during the project. Efficientproject management methodologies can provide assistance to the managers. It will improve planning, coordination, integration and control work. Earlier project managers used traditional methodologies which ignores the uncertainties of the future (Schwalbe, 2015). This led to the development of flexible approach known as Agile methodology. It is suitable for construction projects because it allows changes in the existing processes. The paper is based on the Agile methodology and its importance in improving the performance of the construction project. In the present case study Quota Shared Pathway construction has been used for designing the implementation plan with the use of Agile methodology. Agile project management Agileproject management is an effective methodology which improves the chances of success of the project (Leach, 2014). It gives opportunity to the project manager to assess and analyze the direction of the project. The changes can be made development lifecycle according to the requirements to different activities and processes. Traditional methodologies provide only one chance to the team members to create a plan. On the other hand, Agile methodology allows re-evaluation and review of project in small time intervals (Fewings, 2013). This makes it effective as compared to otherproject management methodologies. It helps in reducing compatibility issues and establishment of better communication between the team members can be possible. Agile methodology has different principles and practices which accepts that construction projects are prone to changes. They allow managers and team members to develop their knowledge and understanding as the project progresses (Mir and Pinnington, 2014) . In simpler words, it provides flexibility to the project which increases its performance. Apart from this, it ensures that same level of standards is followed in all the activities. The practices of Agile methodology helps in increasing the efficiency and allows automation of different tasks in certain situations. Furthermore, it is based on four principles of project management which is known as Agile manifesto (Burke, 2013). It includes individual and interactions, focus on useful outcome of the project rather than documents, collaboration and negotiation and changing according to the circumstances. Case study Quota Shared Park is located in Mackay, Australia. The Mackay Regional Council (MRC) has invited tenders for the development of bikeways and pathways in the park. This pathway will connect the facilities, recreations and offices. It will enhance the experience of citizens who visit the park. It will provide them an easy access to all the assets and facilities. This construction project has been authenticated by the government. The project manager has to ensure that it is constructed in the stipulated time and budget (Heagney, 2016). There are many tools and techniques which can be used for the successful completion of the project. The Quota Shared Park has estimates for drainage system, environmental management, traffic provision, earthworks, protective treatment, road furniture, revegetation works landscape. All these factors and estimates have to be considered in the planning and designing stage of the project. Furthermore, the deliverables have to be achieved in the stipulated ti me. Agile model of project management Construction projects require effective planning and monitoring process to ensure the direction of the project. There has to be a systematic and structured approach which helps in understanding the progress (Meredith, Mantel Jr and Shafer, 2013). Similarly,Project management requires methodologies such as Agile, scrum, PMBok, PRINCE2 etc. Quota Shared Pathway construction project follows six steps which are given below: Requirements: The first stage of Agile methodology includes requirements identification. It consists of type of laborer required, equipments, materials, devices and tools required for the project (Heldman, 2015). Project manager has to make sure that all the essentials are covered under the budget of the project. The decisions taken in this stage as to be approved the stakeholders and sponsors. Planning: This stage involves creating plans, rules, policies, standards and schema. It acts as a guide which helps in understanding different aspects of the construction project (Guth and Marsh, 2016). All the complexities and technicalities are identified and planned in this stage. The time schedules, millstones and resource allocation are also done at this stage by the project manager. Designing: This stage consists of specifications, technical and technology aspects, processes, layout, testing methods and measures of project success (Naeni, Shadrokh and Salehipour, 2014). The Quota Shared Park project requires different deliverables which can be documented at this stage. It will allow team members and project manager to task decisions and perform their duties according to the requirements of the project. Agile methodology of project management promotes team work and collaborations which can be used to fulfill this aspect of the model (Rosemann and vom Brocke, 2015). Developing: The execution of the project starts at this stage. The manager has to make sure that all the members understand the policies and plans created for the Quota Shared Park project. They have to follow the procedures so as to complete the project in time (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). Execution: The verification and execution stage involves testing and detection of defects. All the activities and processes are tested and checked. The quality of the work has to be according to the standards formed in earlier stages (Pemsel and Wiewiora, 2013). Verification stage is necessary in Agile methodology because many construction projects fail due to inappropriate testing facilities an time. Maintenance: Agile model ensures monitoring and tracking the progress of the project. This stage provides opportunity to the managers so that they can enhance their knowledge and understanding about different processes (Guth and Marsh, 2016). It consists of installation, maintenance, migration and monitoring of the entire project. These stages of the Agile methodology has to be implemented by the manager in the Quota Park Pathway construction project. The team members and workers have to understand their roles and become an integrated system. They have to provide support different workers so that upgrading of various activities can be done easily (Meredith, Mantel Jr and Shafer, 2013). All these aspects are covered in this maintenance, progress review and monitoring stage of the project. Phases of Agile methodology in construction project The main phases of Agile methodology of project management are as follows: Planning levels: Agile model uses iterative ways to create plans for the construction projects. These plans are followed for by the team embers and changes are done in it according to the circumstances (Mir and Pinnington, 2014). The plans are short which makes sure that they are achieved in the given time frame. It allows the project manager to reduce wastage of time and resources. Detailed planning is not used because it has to be changed during the process. Quota Shared Pathway construction project should use five levels to create their plans. It includes vision, road map, planning deliverables, cycle plan and daily plans (Meredith, Mantel Jr and Shafer, 2013). Short cycle planning: Agile methodology uses cycle plans in the entire process. It involves setting priorities for the requirements of the project. The order and rank of each activity is decided in advance. The review session allows the project manager to make changes in the deliverables. Quota Shared Pathway construction will be benefitted from this because it reduces the risk of project failure (Naeni, Shadrokh and Salehipour, 2014). This phase helps the project manager to find out problems and to bring changes in the process. Furthermore, it will allow Quota Shared Pathway project to work in close collaboration with stakeholders and the client. Reconciliations: Agile methodology will make it easier for the project manager to complete the Quota Shared Pathway construction. The reconciliation is done in each cycle which allows the management to understand the progress of the project. The results are presented at regular intervals along with the reconciliation reports. The pathway and bikeways ca ne developed keeping in mind other deliverables of the project (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). It includes drainage, environmental management, traffic provision, establishment of site, road furniture and protective treatment. Accepting changes: Quota Shared Pathway construction project includes all the requirements and details. The biggest advantage of Agile methodology is that it allows changes in each cycle. Project managers can change priorities, goals, requirements and processes in the next cycle. It will allow the project to be completed in the given timeframe and budget (Schwalbe, 2015). This phase helps in handling new requirements and changes in the project. Collaboration of project team: Agile model of project management allows tem members to work in small groups. They work together to achieve deliverables of the project. Construction project including Quota Shared Pathway is complex in nature as it involves many processes and systems (Pemsel and Wiewiora, 2013). Agile methodology can eliminate this problem by allocating the tasks to different teams. They are given responsibility to complete their work in the desired time scale. Communication: Agile methodology focuses on person to person method of communication. It reduces ambiguity and helps in creating smooth workflows. This phase essential for construction projects because all the activities have to be integrated at the end of the project. Problems in integration can affect the success of the project (Pemsel and Wiewiora, 2013). The project manager of Quota Shared Pathway construction has to ensure that there is defective communication between the team members. This project has many deliverables which are highly dependent on various activities. Documentation: Documentation is done for all the activities so that team members can continue their work without any disruptions (Naeni, Shadrokh and Salehipour, 2014). Project managers are not bound to these documented policies and they are allowed to take their decisions. The main objective of Agile methodology is to complete the project in desired time and budget rather than sticking to the written documents. Time scaling: Agile methodology considers three important factors: Time, cost and scope. It is slightly different from the traditional project management techniques (Meredith, Mantel Jr and Shafer, 2013). In Agile methodology the time and resources are fixed while the scope of the project varies. Quota Shared Pathway also has limited time and budget. Agile method will allow the project manager to take decision for the benefit of the pathway construction. Traditional project management techniques and Agile methodology have different triangles which can be seen in the appendix. Uncertainities in complex projects: Agile projects are suited for construction projects such as Quota Shared Pathway because it contains uncertainties and complexities (Heagney, 2016). Agile methodology is effective in conditions where there is changing circumstances, unclear goals and specification complex results have to be achieved. Justification of Agile methodology Agile methodology allows the manager to understand all the activities of the project. He can communicate it to team members and workers so that they understand their roles and contribution in the construction project (Naeni, Shadrokh and Salehipour, 2014). Quota Shared Pathway construction can be developed using different phases of Agile methodology. It will help in understanding all the sequential processes. Furthermore, the project manager can create priorities which will allow him to manage all the processes and activities. It also includes individual and interactions, focus on useful outcome rather than documents, collaboration, negotiation and changing according to the conditions. Conclusion It can be concluded that Agile methodology is suitable for the Quota Shared Pathway construction project. It allows the project manager to take decisions keeping in mind the outcomes of the project. It helps in completion of the project in desired time and budget. Agile methodology allows re-evaluation and reviews at specific intervals. It makes the entire process effective as compared to other project management methodologies. Apart from this, Quota Shared Pathway construction project can use six stages of Agile method which will help them to improve the performance of their project. They will be able to provide deliverables in the required timeframe. The main stages of Agile methodology are Requirements, Planning, Designing, Developing, Execution and Maintenance of the project after its completion. References Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA. Fewings, P., 2013. Construction project management: an integrated approach. Routledge. Guth, D.W. and Marsh, C., 2016. Public relations: A values-driven approach. Pearson. Heagney, J., 2016. Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Heldman, K., 2015. PMP Project Management Professional Exam Deluxe Study Guide: Updated for the 2015 Exam. John Wiley Sons. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014. Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Leach, L.P., 2014. Critical chain project management. Artech House. Meredith, J.R., Mantel Jr, S.J. and Shafer, S.M., 2013. Project management in practice. Wiley Global Education. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2), pp.202-217. Naeni, L.M., Shadrokh, S. and Salehipour, A., 2014. A fuzzy approach for the earned value management. International Journal of Project Management, 32(4), pp.709-716. Pemsel, S. and Wiewiora, A., 2013. Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations. International Journal of Project Management, 31(1), pp.31-42. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. In Handbook on business process management 1 (pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Schwalbe, K., 2015. Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Turner, J.R., 2014. The handbook of project-based management (Vol. 92). New York, NY: McGraw-hill.

Youth and Guns Violence in America Essay Example

Youth and Guns: Violence in America Essay Gun violence in the United States has become an epidemic. From the Civil War to the present, 567,000 Americans have died in combat; but since 1920, over 1 million American civilians have been killed by firearms (Children’s Defense Fund, p. 15). For thousands of teens, death from gun violence is the end of the pipeline. In 2007, 3,042 children and teens died from gunfire in the United States—eight every day—as a result of homicide, suicide or accidental shootings. Almost six times as many children and teens – 17,523 – suffered non-fatal gun injuries, which have serious physical and emotional consequences. Children’s Defense Fund, p. 3) Youth violence is a complex problem, influenced by psychological, economic, and social factors (Eron and Slaby, 1–22). The problem is substantially worsened because of the lethality and accessibility of firearms. Guns cause deaths and severe injuries more frequently than knives, clubs, or fists, and with guns, even violent impulses can have lethal outcomes. Guns also are easily available to young people, even though federal law, with a few exceptions, prohibits those under 21 from purchasing handguns and those under 18 from purchasing rifles and shotguns or possessing handguns. Exceptional lethality, combined with easy access, accounts at least in part for the fact that firearm-related injuries remain the second leading cause of death among children and youth ages 10 to 19. Only motor vehicle accidents claim more young lives. (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System) Suicide is the third leading cause of death among youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States, accounting for 1883 deaths in 2001 (Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence). Firearms were used in approximately half of suicides within this age group in 2001; however, as recently as 1994, 7 of every 10 suicides among teenagers involved firearms. (Kellermann, p. 263) Numerous studies have documented a clear association between the presence of firearms in the home and suicides, particularly suicides by adolescents and young adults. One study found that a gun in the home is 22 times more likely to be used in a completed or attempted suicide, criminal assault or homicide (7x), or unintentional shooting death or injury (4x) than to be used in a self-defense shooting, contrary to what many ro-gunners believe. The rate of nonfirearm suicides among 5- to 14-year-olds in the United States is roughly equal to the rate in other industrialized countries combined. However, the firearm suicide rate among children in this age group is nearly 11 times higher. As a result, children in the United States commit suicide at twice the rate of children in 25 other industrialized nations combined. (Children’s Defense Fund, p. 101) Unintentional shootings among young people most frequently happen when children or youth obtain a gun and play with it, not realizing that it is real, or loaded, or pointed at themselves or a friend. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth and Guns: Violence in America specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Youth and Guns: Violence in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Youth and Guns: Violence in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1998, more than 7% of children and youth under age 20 killed by firearms died in unintentional shootings,36 and these shootings accounted for 27% of firearm deaths among children under age 12. Boys, African American children, and Hispanic children are more likely to die in accidental shootings than are other groups of children. The death rate from unintentional shootings among children is nine times higher in the United States than in 25 other industrialized nations combined (Children’s Defense Fund, p. 101). Although accidental shootings of children have declined significantly in recent decades, they still attract a great deal of public attention, perhaps because the victims, and sometimes even the perpetrators, are seen as blameless and the deaths preventable. If guns were not present in the home, if they were designed with safety features making them difficult for children to fire, or if they were stored safely—unloaded and locked, with ammunition stored separately from the guns—the risk to young children could be virtually eliminated. As previously stated, firearm homicide is the second-leading cause of death for young people ages 1-19 in the United States. The 3,042 children and teens killed by gunfire in the U. S. in 2007 is comparable to the total number of U. S. combat deaths in Iraq and four times the number of American combat fatalities in Afghanistan to date. The amount of preschoolers (under age 5) killed by gunfire (85) is more than the number of law enforcement officers (57) killed in the line of duty. (Children’s Defense Fund, pg. 2). Out of 3,042 children and teens killed by gun? re, another 17,523 suffered non-fatal gun injuries. In addition to the human toll, gun violence among young people imposes significant psychological costs on society. For children and youth, these costs can be especially high; those exposed to gun violence are at risk for significant and lasting psychological effects. Moreover, children do not have to be injured themselves to experience these negative effects. Exposure to gun violence at home, at school, in the community, or through the media all can cause harm. Some of these affects include posttraumatic stress, poor school performance, increased delinquency, risky sexual behaviors, substance abuse, and desensitization to violence. All of these effects can make children and youth more prone to violence themselves. (Chidren’s Defense Fund, p. 12) However, the children and youth at highest risk for psychological trauma from gun violence are those exposed to it directly: children who are injured, who witness gun violence at close proximity, or who are exposed to high levels of gun violence in their homes, schools, or communities. (Chidren’s Defense Fund, p. 2) A December 2001 study of 119 African American seven-year-olds living in inner-city Philadelphia, for example, found that three-quarters had heard gunfire, one-third had seen someone shot, and one-tenth had someone in their own family or household who had been shot or stabbed. Among children in the study, exposure to higher levels of violence was correlated with more anxiety , greater likelihood of depression, lower self-esteem, lower grade point average, and more absences from school. More than 60% of the children worried that they might be killed or die, and 19% sometimes wished they were dead. Hurt, Malmud, Brodsky, and Giannetta 1351–56) Despite widespread recognition of the psychological costs to children and youth associated with gun violence, physicians and mental health professionals have been slow to develop treatments that help young people cope with gun-related trauma. Even children and youth who are injured often go without psychological help. One group of doctors has observed, â€Å"When patients present with suicide attempts, evaluation for future risk and follow-up treatment are considered standard practice. However, individuals treated for violent injuries generally receive no further evaluation. †(Christoffel, Spivak, and Witwer 1202–03) Although they are rare, shootings at schools and universities are devastating to families and communities. The last nation-wide known shooting occurred on April 16, 2007. A Virginia Tech student by the name of Seung-Hui Cho killed 32 students and faculty and wounded 15 more at the University before killing himself. Following the incident, there was an overwhelming response from both sides of the gun control issue. While the pro-gunners believed that arming the students would help their chances of survival if an attack were to occur, the community and students of Virginia Tech went forward with a â€Å"Lie-In† to try to instill stricter gun laws. Despite the efforts towards stricter gun laws on school grounds and campuses alike, there have been at least 60 cases of mass school shootings involving kids and teens since 2007 (Brady). What will it take for us to stop this senseless loss of young lives? Common sense gun laws can make a difference. States with higher rates of gun ownership and weak gun control laws have the highest rates of firearm deaths of people of all ages. Although polls show that the majority of Americans favor common sense gun control laws that would stem the tide of gun violence, federal and state legislative reform has been difficult to achieve. We need political leaders who will protect our children by enacting legislation to limit the number of guns in our communities, control who can obtain firearms, and ensure that guns in the home are stored safely and securely. (Childrens Defense Fund, p. 6) There is no federal law that specifically allows or prohibits guns on college campuses. According to the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, 26 states prohibit guns on college campuses with the exception of public safety officers. Twenty-three states allow public campuses to determine their own gun policies, with nearly all choosing to be gun-free. Only one state — Utah — c urrently prohibits college administrators and security professionals from setting rules regarding firearms on campus, thus effectively allowing guns on campus (Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence). No single policy solution will end youth gun violence in the United States; a wide variety of approaches is needed to address different aspects of the problem. Key strategies that may reduce youth gun violence include: reducing unsupervised exposure to guns among children and youth, strengthening social norms against violence in communities, enforcing laws against youth gun carrying, altering the design of guns to make them less likely to be used by children and youth, and, perhaps most importantly, implementing new legal and regulatory interventions that make it more difficult for youth to obtain guns. Numerous studies document the ease with which youth can obtain guns in the United States. In a 1998 national study of male high school sophomores and juniors, 6% of respondents had carried a handgun outside the home in the previous 12 months. Among the youth who had carried guns, 48% had been given or loaned the gun by a family member or friend. An equal percentage had obtained the gun through an illegal purchase or theft: 35% had bought the gun (of those, 53% bought from family or friends), 5% reported asking someone else to purchase the gun, and 6% had stolen or traded something for it (Sheller, Wright 1994). Youth can obtain guns illegally from licensed dealers or in private transactions. Although licensed firearms dealers are regulated by the federal government (and by many states) and are required to conduct criminal background checks on all purchasers, some dealers do sell illegally to youth, often by turning a blind eye to â€Å"straw purchases†, in which youth ask older acquaintances to buy guns for them. Only a small minority of licensed gun dealers are involved in illegal activity. According to federal statistics, guns sold by 1. % of retailers account for more than 57% of the weapons that are later traced by ATF after being recovered by law enforcement following a crime (Commerce in firearms in the United States). At the same time, guns sold by licensed dealers account for only about 60% of the guns sold in the United States. Guns sold by private parties, collectors, and unlicensed vendors at gun shows account for 40% of all gun sales. These sales are not regulated by the federal government, nor by most states. In an unregulated private sale, no background check takes place. Sellers are not required to keep records of their sales, and they do not even have to ask buyers for identification. Such lax requirements make it easy for youth to obtain guns. Decreasing the availability of illegal guns to youth is an important strategy to de-escalate the violence that plagues many communities, and to reduce the fear and need for self-protection that lead many youth to get guns in the first place. Researcher David Kennedy, who has written extensively about youth gangs and gun violence, has observed, Many of the kids involved in this life do not really want to live it. Less readily available weaponry would ease tensions and diminish the deadliness of incidents. (Kennedy, 76) Without stronger, sensible gun laws, thousands upon thousands of people will continue to die and be injured needlessly each year. We make it too easy for dangerous people to obtain dangerous weapons. We should make it harder for convicted felons, the dangerously mentally ill, domestic violence offenders and youth to get the guns in the first place. We can do this by passing strong, effective laws and stopping laws and policies that would allow guns on campuses. Works Cited Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. Brady Campaign, 2011. Web. 9 Dec 2011. . Childrens Defense Fund, Protect Children Not Guns 2010, September 2010 Christoffel, K. K. , Spivak, H. , and Witwer, M. â€Å"Youth violence prevention: The physicians role. † Journal of the American Medical Association (March 1, 2000) 1202–03. Eron, L. D, and LG Slaby. Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence and youth . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1996. 1–22. Hurt, H. , M. Malmud, N. Brodsky, and J. Giannetta. Exposure to violence: Psychological and academic correlates in child witnesses. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. (2001): 1351–56. Print. Fowler, Patrick J. , et al, â€Å"Community Violence: A Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Exposure and Mental Health Outcomes of Children and Adolescents,† Development and Psychopathology 21 (2009) Kellermann, Arthur L. , Injuries and Deaths due to Firearms in the Home, Journal of Trauma (1998) Kennedy, D. Can we keep guns away from kids? The American Prospect (June 23, 1994) 74–80 Miller, Matthew, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway. â€Å"Household Firearm Ownership and Suicide Rates in the United States. † Epidemiology 13 (2006) 517-724 National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System. n. page. Web. 9 Dec. 2011. . Sheley, J. F. , and Wright, J. D. High school youth, weapons, and violence: A national survey. National Institute of Justice Research in Brief. Washington, DC. October 1998 United

Cheering My Heart Out essays

Cheering My Heart Out essays To be given the chance to be a cheerleader was one of the greatest times of my life. I was a cheerleader for eight years, and my last two years in high school I made the all-star team. My best friend and I cheered on every regular season and the all-star team together. The final game of our career was unforgettable. It had been 8 years of great enjoyment with my best friend, Melinda Fulk. We always clowned around in practice, but when the game would start we had a high intensity. Melinda would lead, and I would follow along with the rest of the squad. When she wasnt leading, I would, and she would get the squad to follow along. We were the top cheerleaders in the division, or so we thought. Our all-star team had made it to the championship of our state tournament. Before our squad took the floor our coach Robin Sessoms gave us a talk. She said, Well ladies, weve came a long way. Todays the day weve all practiced so hard for, but I want to have fun with it. Lets treat this like every other competition we have won. Youre all winners, win or lose. I want you all to know that I feel privileged to have coached such a fine bunch of ladies. So lets go out and cheer as hard as you can. What do you say, lets go have FUN. We all got up and yelled, YEA. Lets cheer hard. Yea As we all got more pumped up. Who are we? NSHS. As we got more loud and more intense. Coach said, Bring it on. Cheer on 3. One, two, three as we all yelled together CHEER. As I ran on to that floor I recalled all the practicing I had done, and I knew I owed most of it to my father. He started me tumbling when I was teeny tiny and cheer when I was in the fifth grade. As my passion grew more and more I wanted t o go practice all the time. So I would ask my father to spot me as I tumbled. Even though my father was tired or in the middle of a good ...

Drug Rehabilitation Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drug Rehabilitation Program - Essay Example This work particularly discusses papers about drug rehabilitation programs that governments have initiated so as to curtail crimes including drug addiction. These papers intently look at the benefits of the programs, how they have helped achieved goals of drug use reduction and crime reduction and on the other hand, how the programs have failed to address the problems. The US Department of Justice through the National Institute of Justice has conducted a research to ascertain the effectiveness of different crime prevention programs. Defining crime prevention program as "any practice shown to result in less crime than would occur without the practice", the research divided the effectiveness of the programs into what works, what doesn't work, what's promising and what's unknown (Lawrence W. Sherman, 1998). This article particularly relates to the endeavor of this paper in providing a valid measure and a legitimate result to the questions of effectiveness of crime prevention. This is done with a special focus on the cure for drug addiction among the juvenile. It basically constitutes a review of the existing crime prevention programs of the government. The evaluation made use of scientific measure to "provide a consistent and reasonably objective way to draw conclusions about cause and effect" (Lawrence W. Sherman, 1998). The research methodology consisted of three steps: the search for impact evaluation, the use of Maryland Scale of Scientific Methods and deciding what works, what doesn't work, what's promising and what's unknown. The first step was some sort of literature review. It examines the existing reports that evaluate the effectiveness of crime prevention programs. Next, the researchers adapted the Maryland Scale of Scientific Method ranking each study from 1 as the weakest to 5 as the strongest (Lawrence W. Sherman, 1998). The research design is composed of 5 levels which includes correlation between a crime prevention program and a measure of crime or crime risk factors at a single point in time. To reach the conclusion of effectiveness, a program should at least have a two level 5 studies (Lawrence W. Sherman, 1998). The research showed that "preschool and weekly home visits by teachers, building school capacity to initiate and sustain innovation through the use of school teams or other organizational development strategies, clarifying and communicating norms, training or coaching in thinking skills for high-risk youth, ex-offender job training, extra police patrols in high crime hot spots and rehabilitation programs for adult and juvenile offenders" are among the policies that work. On the other hand, gun buyback program and increased arrest or raids on drug markets are found to be ineffective. To properly label the programs, they used both the secondary analysis and the scientific scale. This is the loophole in the study since there it lacks the quantitative and objective measure is categorizing the program. The only justification provided was the secondary analysis done. The problem however with secondary analysis

Middle East And The West Of Asia History Assignment

Middle East And The West Of Asia History - Assignment Example The Crusades included expeditions to the Holy Land, Iberian Island, and North Eastern Europe, against Ottoman Turks, and the Hussite and Albigensian crusades. In addition, the jihad concept employed by the Muslim leaders became less significant during the last phase of the tenth century. However, the jihad concept regained force in the twelfth century wars between Muslims and the Latin Christian Crusaders. Hence, the Crusades raised a conflict between Christians and Muslims who were believed to threaten the existence of the Christian faith. During this period, Latin Christians never gained victory in the wars but did slow down the propagation of the Islamic faith. In the Iberian Peninsula Crusade, Christian leaders replaced Muslim leaders. As a result, other Christians, Muslims, and the Jews were forced to convert to the Catholic faith. Most notably would be the Hussite Crusade of the 1420s in which the Hussite heretical doctrine remained not eliminated. On the contrary, the Albigens ian Crusade eliminated the aristocratic clans who believed in the Cathar heretical doctrine. The wars and the plagues of incurable diseases that occurred during the Crusades period distressed the whole nation as well as killing vast portions of the world’s population thus destroying cities. The overtaxed and marginalized populations in the society protested against authoritative governments. It would be worth noting that, because of the Crusades, women began participating in high roles in both their cultures and the Western world. Despite the negative impacts of the wars marking the Crusades, positive impacts also emerged to mark the history of the Middle East and the West of Asia. The acquisition of... Moreover, the emergence of the middle-class concept originates from the rise of cities. In a similar perspective, the evolution of modern civilization could have only occurred following the rise and growth of medieval cities along with their associated cultural and artistic influences. The developments in science and technology consequently transformed the modern world into an engine and commercial driven society in terms of agriculture, the invention of the horizontal loom in cloth and the iron works and water power. Technology also facilitated the concepts of defined methodology and mechanization. Moreover, people organize their activities using timetables because of the discovery of the mechanical clock thereby changing the modern life. In conclusion, the paper presented the occurrences of the Crusades to include wars between different religious associations, conflicts between civic and church leaders, territorial invasions, the rise, and fall of Christianity and Islam faiths with their associated effects, and reformation of the Catholic Church’s architecture. Following these occurrences, the aftermath of the Crusades led to both negative and positive impacts. Negative impacts may include the destruction of cities and loss of lives. On the contrary, positive impacts consist of advancement in science, technology, and growth of cities. The growth of cities facilitated growth on the trade that stabilized social classes. The development enhanced health and welfare, which are essential for existence.

General Translation Theories Essay Example for Free

General Translation Theories Essay While not everyone who drives an automobile needs to understand the theory behind the internal combustion engine, someone does need to know this theory. I may be able to drive my Pontiac without any knowledge of internal combustion engines, until the Pontiac breaks down. Then, I must find someone (presumably a mechanic) who does in fact know enough theory to get the Pontiac running again. The same is true of translation theory. It is not necessary for everyone to know translation theory, nor is it even necessary for pastors and teachers to know everything about translation theory. It is necessary for pastors and teachers in the American church at the end of the twentieth century to know something about translation theory, for two reasons. First, it will affect the way we interpret the Bible for our people. If we are completely unaware of translation theory, we may unwittingly mislead our brothers and sisters in our interpretation. Second, there are so many English translations available, that no contemporary pastor will be able to escape the inevitable questions about which translations are superior. It is not my intention to provide anything like an exhaustive approach to either translation theory or semantic theory (relax, Ill define this word later). Rather, I intend to discuss briefly the more important observations, which may be useful to the pastoral ministry. 1. Communication has three parties. Translation theory shares a number of concerns with what is commonly called communication theory. Perhaps the most important observation which the communication theorists have produced for translators is the recognition that every act of communication has three dimensions: Speaker (or author), Message, and Audience. The more we can know about the original author, the actual message produced by that author, and the original audience, the better acquainted we will be with that particular act of communication. An awareness of this tri-partite character of communication can be very useful for interpreters. Assuming that an act of communication is right now taking place, as you read what I wrote, there are three dimensions to this particular act of communication: myself, and what I am intending to communicate; the actual words which are on this page; and what you  understand me to be saying. When the three dimensions converge, the communication has been efficient. If we know, perhaps from another source, what an individual authors circumstances are, this may help us understand the actual message produced. Martin Luther King, Jr. s Letters from Prison are better understood by someone who knows the circumstances under which they were written rather than by someone who is oblivious to mid-20th century American history. If we know information about the authors audience, this may also help us to understand the message itself. John Kennedys famous, Ich bin ein Berliner speech is better understood if one understands the apprehensions which many West German citizens had about American foreign policy during the early 1960s (and, knowing the audience was German may help explain why he did not speak this sentence in English! ). Recognizing that in addition to the message itself, there are the two other components of author and audience, the interpreter attempts to uncover as much information as possible about the author and audience. This is why biblical scholars spend so much time attempting to locate the circumstances of a given epistle; they are trying to discover information about author and audience, which will help complete the understanding of the particular act of communication represented by the message. At this point, an important warning needs to be expressed. For students of literature whose original audience and author are not present (i. e. , dead), we only have direct access to one of the three parties in the communicative process: the message itself. Whereas we would be profited by having direct access to author and audience (Paul, what in the world did you mean about baptizing for the dead? ; or, How did it hit you Galatians when Paul said he wished his troublers would castrate themselves? ), it would be incorrect to suggest that we must have such access for any understanding to take place. Frequently one encounters the extravagant statement to the effect that one cannot understand a biblical book unless one understands the authors (or audiences) circumstances. The problem with such statements is that they imply that we can have no understanding without access to information which simply does not always exist. We havent any idea who wrote the epistle to the Hebrews, or why, other than what may be indicated in the letter itself. Does this mean that we cant understand it in any sense? I think not. We just have to recognize that information, which would assist the act of interpretation, is, in this case, missing. Related to this warning is a second. For Protestants, scripture itself is authoritative. Our reconstructions, often highly conjectural of the historical circumstances under which a given biblical work was written and read, are not authoritative, by my understanding of Protestant theology. Those reconstructions may assist our understanding of the biblical text, but they are not, in and of themselves, of any religious authority. Finally, we might add that the essential error of many exegetical theories is their exclusion of one or more of these three parties from consideration. While many important debates are continuing to influence interpretive theory, our evaluation of these debates would do well to retain a role for each of the three above-mentioned dimensions. 2. Formal and Dynamic Equivalence One of the ongoing debates about translations revolves around the question of whether, and in what degree, the translation should reflect the syntax, or form, of the original language. All translators agree that the translation should reflect faithfully the message of the original, but all are not agreed on whether the translation should adhere closely to the grammatical forms of the original language. Translations can be located on a spectrum, which would have, at one extreme, rigid adherence to the form of the original language (formal equivalence), and at the other extreme, complete disregard for the form (not the message) of the original language (dynamic equivalence). An interlinear would come the closest to the first extreme, followed by the NASB. At the other extreme would be the NEB and TEV. In between would be the RSV and NIV, with the RSV leaning more toward a formal equivalence, and the NIV leaning more toward a dynamic equivalence. It is probably fair to say that most contemporary linguists favor the dynamic equivalence approach in theory, though they might be disappointed in the various attempts at producing one. The reason for preferring to reproduce the thought of the original without attempting to conform to its form is that all languages have their own syntax. While the syntax of one language may be similar to the syntax of other languages, it is also dissimilar as well. Thus, if we attempt to adhere to the formal syntax of another language, we reproduce forms which are abnormal or confusing, if not downright distracting in the target language. For example, Greek tends to have very long sentences, whose various clauses are arranged in a logically hierarchical fashion. That is, there will be a number of dependent clauses connected to an independent clause. This type of sentence structure, perfectly normal in Greek, is called hypotactic (clauses are arranged logically under one another). English, by contrast, is not so comfortable with long sentences, and does not provide any easy way of indicating which clauses are dependent upon others. Our sentence structure is called paratactic (clauses are arranged logically alongside of one another). If we attempt to reproduce, in English, sentences of the same length as the Greek original, our audience will not be able to follow our translation. Ephesians 1:3-14, for instance, is one sentence in Greek, with well-defined subordinate clauses. If we attempt to reproduce a sentence of this length in English, the result will be so awkward that few, if any, English readers would be able to follow it. Consequently, translators must break the longer Greek sentences into shorter English sentences. For the pastor and teacher, it is important to be able to recognize the hypotactic structure of the original language, because it is frequently of theological and ethical significance. For instance, there is only one imperative (independent clause) in the Great Commission make disciples. All the other verbs are dependent. The other clauses help to describe what the commandment means. Most English translations, however, obscure this matter by translating the Great Commission as though it were a string of equivalent imperatives. Whats worse, they tend to treat one of the dependent clauses as though it were the major (independent) clause (Go). So the teacher or pastor needs to be able to understand what is going on in the structure of the original language, without necessarily trying to reproduce it in an English translation. There are other differences between the two languages. Greek typically uses passive verbs; English prefers active verbs. Greek typically makes nouns out of verbs (making redemption as common as redeem). Speakers of English are not as comfortable with these abstractions; we are happier with verbs. A dynamic equivalence translation will commonly reproduce the meaning of the Greek in a more natural manner in English. In 2 Thess 2:13, for instance, pistei aletheias, is translated belief in the truth (formal equivalence) by the RSV, but the truth that you believe (dynamic equivalence) by the NEB. The latter, while not any more accurate than the former, is a little more natural, and thus more easily understood. A classic example of the difference between English and Greek syntax is evidenced by the difference in their respective employment of the participle. First, the Greek participle is much more common than the English. But the Greek participle is also used differently than the English participle. Greek commonly employs the participle in an attributive fashion, as a verbal adjective. This is very rare in English. James Taylor does sing about the The Walking Man, but this is rare outside of artistic expression. We would normally produce a relative clause, the man who walks. Because of the differences in the way the two languages use their respective participles, we simply cannot translate a Greek participle with an English participle in many cases, without being obscure or ambiguous. Dikaiothentes in Romans 5:1 should not be translated, having been justified (NASB: formal equivalence), but, since we are justified (RSV: dynamic equivalence). There are problems, however, with dynamic equivalence translations. Since the translator is freer from the grammatical forms of the original language he is more likely to exceed the bounds of an accurate translation, in an effort to speak naturally in the native language. That is, the dynamic equivalence translations are capable of being more natural and more precise than are formal equivalence translations, but they are also more capable of being precisely wrong. For instance, in Romans 8:3, Paul uses the phrase: dia tes sarkos. A formal equivalent translation, the RSV, renders this by the flesh, which is faithful to the original but somewhat ambiguous in English. The NIV renders this much more precisely, by the phrase, by the sinful nature. Unfortunately, the NIV is precisely wrong here, because Paul is not talking about a lower nature, or a sinful nature at all. In fact, he is not speaking anthropologically, but redemptive-historically. In this particular case, I believe we would be better off with the ambiguous flesh, and have to ask what, flesh means for Paul, than to have the more precise but utterly un-Pauline sinful nature. Another problem associated with dynamic equivalence translations is related to their use as study Bibles. Since a given word may have a number of meanings, it is frequently impossible, and more frequently confusing, to attempt to translate a given Greek word with the same English word in every case. Consequently, the dynamic equivalence translation can give a more specific rendering in English, being unbound by an attempt to reproduce the same Greek word in the same English manner. This produces better understanding, frequently, of individual sentences or clauses. However, it does not permit the English reader to know when the same Greek word lay behind two different English words. Since the only way to know what a word means is by first examining its full range of uses, there is no way for the English reader to know what words are behind the English words found. For instance, when Paul says he could not address the Corinthians as pneumatikoi, but rather as sarkinoi (1 Cor 3), he employs the adjectival forms of what we normally translate Spirit and flesh. And, in Romans 8 (as well as elsewhere), it is clear that life in the Spirit is redeemed life; whereas life in the flesh is unredeemed life. If the adjectives in 1 Cor are translated spiritual, and fleshly, the reader can see the correspondence to other Pauline passages, and understand that Paul is saying, in effect, I could not address you as redeemed people, but as unredeemed people. But the NIV construes sarx as sinful nature in Rom 8, and sarkinos as worldly in 1 Cor 3, with the result that the reader of this translation is not aware that in the original the same root form was employed. The conclusion of this is that the dynamic equivalence translation, when done well, renders in more precise and more vivid English particular expressions. However, it makes it more difficult to compare individual passages with parallel passages elsewhere. In any given congregation, a variety of translations will be present. The teachers in the church must have the competence to discern which one represents the original most accurately in English in any circumstance. In my judgment, none of the contemporary translations is manifestly superior to the others. Each is a blend of strengths and weaknesses, due to the difficulty of the task. From the pulpit, of course, some versions can be excluded rather easily. Paraphrases, while useful to illustrate a point, should never be used as the basic sermon text, because they reflect so thoroughly the opinions of the paraphraser. Also, childrens Bibles, such as the Good News, and, to a lesser degree, the NIV should not be used as the basis of a sermon directed toward the entire congregation. The NASB should not be used, simply because its English is atrocious. Its rigid adherence to the formal equivalence principle, while making it highly useful in the study, renders it completely inappropriate in a setting where communication is important. The NIV should not be used from the pulpit, in my judgment, because it is a sectarian translation. It is a self-confessedly evangelical translation, which excluded non-evangelicals from the translation process. It is therefore ecclesiastically unacceptable (it excludes from the outset people who dont call themselves evangelical, just as the Kingdom Translation excludes people who dont call themselves Jehovahs Witnesses). In fact, even for study purposes, one will have to be cautious about the evangelical bias reflected in this translation, whereby the weaknesses, as well as the strengths, of evangelicalism have not been offset by a more inclusive committee. Specifically, the NIV shows many signs of being individualistic, experientialist, and revivalistic (I am speaking about the NIV New Testament; I havent evaluated the NIV Old Testament thoroughly yet). At the same time, the NIV ought to be in the ministers study because it is a good illustration of the demands of a dynamic equivalence translation, and it is also very successful at many points. The RSV, reflecting the breadth of the church, a high style of English, and a reasonably accurate representation of the original text, is perhaps the preferred text for pulpit use. 3.  Translation is a theological task It has become increasingly clear that translation cannot really be performed in a theological vacuum. When a variety of linguistic options present themselves, theological factors can influence the decision to choose one option over the other. In fact, such factors should influence the translation. The resolution of the translation question about how to translate telos in Romans 10:4 is resolved in large part by resolving larger questions about Pauls theology; how he understands the relation between the older testament and the Christ event, etc. Since theology is to be determined by the Bible, and since translating the Bible is determined, at least in part, by theological considerations, it is easy to see that there is something of a circle here. Fortunately, it is not a vicious cycle, because if one is willing to entertain sympathetically a variety of options, one can grow in the confidence with which one evaluates a given translation. One must never pretend, however, that translation is a step of pre-exegesis or pre-interpretation. The first step of interpretation is  translation. This step will influence all other steps, so it must be approached with the entire arsenal of theological tools. Semantic Theory It is appropriate now to move to some consideration of dealing with the meaning of individual words (commonly called lexical semantics). A lexicon in the hands of an over-imaginative preacher may be the deadliest of all human instruments. In terms of sheer percentages, more pulpit nonsense may be attributable to a misunderstanding of how words communicate meaning than any other interpretive error. Since the technical study of linguistics began in the early nineteenth century, a number of very valuable insights have been discovered by the linguists. What follows is an attempt at providing some of their most useful insights for those who want to teach and preach faithfully. 1. Semantic Field and Context Most words can mean a number of things. Take the English word, run. It can appear in the following (and many more) contexts: The athlete is running. Her nose is running. We scored a run in the sixth inning. I have a run in my stocking. Does your car run? My computer runs on Windows. For how long is the movie running? You want to run that by me again? His sermons seem to run on forever. Shes running the flag up the pole. Jackson is running for President. Who left the water running? Enough, already. It is obvious that most words can mean a number of different things. How do we know what a word means in a given circumstance? Well, we dont just choose the one we prefer. In fact there are two components to meaning: semantic field and semantic context. By semantic field, we mean the full range of ways the word has and can be used (an example is the above, partial semantic field for run). By examining the field of possible meanings, we begin to narrow the options. Normally, there are still too many options, so we have to take another step. The second step is to determine the semantic context. If run, for instance, can refer to rapid, bipedal locomotion in some contexts, we can eliminate that option in contexts where there are no legs or feet. If run can mean flow, or drip, it is a possible way of understanding it where noses and faucets appear, but not where liquids do not appear. In everyday speech, we do this kind of comparison to semantic context so rapidly and unreflectively that we are not normally aware of doing it. But we do it nevertheless, and normally with great accuracy. It is imperative that we do this with biblical literature as well. No word brings its full semantic field with it into any given context. Yet many fanciful pulpit statements are due to the attempt to do this very thing. 2. Root Meanings Many people speak of root meanings. Many people speak of ghosts. Neither exists. Apparently, when people speak of root meanings of words, they are attempting to find the distilled essence, or the common semantic range of the word in each of its contexts. This may, by dumb luck, work in some circumstances, but it wont work in most. What common root meaning is there in the word run which can account for the variety of uses listed above? Is it motion? Perhaps, for the athlete, the flag, even the nose (which doesnt move itself, but its contents do). But is there any motion involved in the statement that a person is running for an office? Is any motion taking place when a movie runs for six weeks? Is a run in a stocking a movement of some sort? I fail to see how there is, without redefining the word motion to include virtually everything. And if we do this, then we arent learning anything specific about the term in question (This is the practical deficiency of the Componential Analysis approach to Semantics; if one finds an element common enough to be related to all the various uses, it isnt specific enough to be any real help in any given context). In actual fact, we dont really know why people use terms in such a broad range of ways as they do. But the answer certainly doesnt lie in the fact of some alleged root meaning, common to all uses. Thus, for interpretations sake, it is better not to speak of root meanings at all. Just look at the entire semantic field, and then limit that field by the contextual considerations. This doesnt mean that there are no similarities in the variety of a terms uses. If we return to run, we can determine several sub-fields. We can see run used of liquids, to indicate they are flowing. We can see run used with machines to indicate that they are operating as they should. We can see it used in reference to putting one foot ahead of another repeatedly, in rapid succession, which would embrace the athlete, and, by extension, the runs in a baseball game (which are a short-hand reference to someone running around the bases). But these fields do not appear to be related to each other, and worse, these fields do not account for the stocking or the flag. Perhaps we ought to just bring root meanings out once a year, on October 31st, and then put them back for the rest of the year. 3. Etymologies and Semantic Change Etymology is a perfectly valid field of study. Etymology is the study of the history of a words usage. It has the historical benefit of demonstrating to us what a word might have meant in a given period. One thing etymologists have discovered, of course, is that words change over time. That is, people apparently use terms in an increasing variety of ways, extending known usages, and coining new usages. Thus, the history of a words usage is not necessarily any help in determining its meaning in a particular context. And certainly it is not the case that the earliest known meaning is the true, real, or, need I say it, root meaning. Gay, for instance, might well have meant happy or carefree in certain places in certain times. It most emphatically does not mean that today in San Francisco. Do not be misled; a happy hour at a gay bar may be a very miserable experience for a heterosexual teetotaler. The biblical interpreter is not particularly interested in what a term may have meant several centuries prior to the time in question. Rather, the biblical interpreter wants to know what range of meaning a term had in the period in question. Etymology is not particularly helpful as a guide to the meaning of a term in any given context. Semantic context is the more reliable guide. 4. Polyvalency You may run across (oops, another use of run) this term from time to time, so you may as well know what it means. Polyvalency refers to the ability of a given term to have a number of meanings in any given historical period. Run is polyvalent. It is important for the interpreter to be aware of the full range of possible meanings of a given word, before determining what it means in its given context. 5. Words and Concepts For the sake of clarity, it is helpful to distinguish between a word and a concept. Most words can be employed to denote a number of concepts, and most concepts can be addressed by using a range of terms. Thus, charis is a word; grace is a concept which can be labeled in a variety of ways. So, if you want to study, The Grace of God in the New Testament, you would certainly include not only a word study of charis, but also passages which refer to Gods gracious activity without employing that particular term. For instance, the parable of the laborers in the vineyard reflects Gods gracious character, as those who come along late in the day receive equal recompense with those who have labored all day. God graciously gives the kingdom not only to the Jews, but also to the Gentiles, who come on the scene a bit late, redemptive-historically speaking. 6. Semantic Minimalism One of the best axioms to apply when attempting to discover the meaning of any given word was first coined by Ferdinand de Saussure and his followers. The best meaning of a given term is the meaning which contributes the least to the overall meaning of the sentence. In most communication acts, we do not load up a given word with a lot of meaning. Rather, we speak in paragraphs and sentences the individual words have little meaning in and of themselves, but much meaning when tied to one another. Many seminarians and preachers seem to be unaware of this, for they frequently interpret the Bible as though its individual words were almost magical, possessing great truths and mysteries in six or seven letters. There are very few technical terms in any language, which are more heavily loaded than most words. Concluding Observations If one were to state briefly the results of linguistic study in the last few generations, one would certainly have to refer to the importance of context. Linguistics has made us repeatedly aware of the fact that the fundamental communicative unit is the sentence, not the word. Individual words, removed from the context of a sentence, rarely communicate effectively. Words strung together, mutually supporting and interpreting one another, can communicate very effectively. For biblical students, this means that we must look at the larger unites of communication (the sentence and paragraph) at least as seriously as we look at individual words. We must be aware of the fact that a given word can signify a number of different things in a number of different contexts. Personally, I would like to see more sermons on whole chapters of scripture, and even on entire books, and fewer sermons on a verse here or there. If a person can produce a single 20-minute distillation of Romans 1-11, he can certainly handle Romans 6:3 when it shows up. If the contextual emphasis of contemporary linguistics can help us see the forest of a biblical book, as opposed to merely the trees of individual words, it will have done us and Gods kingdom a great service. ________________________________________ Dr. T. David Gordon, a native of Richmond, VA, is currently Professor of Religion and Greek at Grove City College in Grove City, PA, where he has served since 1999. Previously, he had taught for thirteen years at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. ________________________________________ TRANSLATION METHODS WORD FOR WORD translation: The SL word order is preserved and the words translated by their most common meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process. LITERAL translation: The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of context. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved. FAITHFUL translation: It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer. SEMANTIC translation: It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. It does not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small concessions to the readership. While `faithful translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more flexible. COMMUNICATIVE translation: It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. IDIOMATIC translation: It reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms. FREE translation: It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original. ADAPTATION: This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry: themes, characters, plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture and text is rewritten. From A Textbook of Translation by P. Newmark